The authors discuss the need to distinguish clearly beween trafficking and smuggling, in that policy needs to make a distnction between vulnerable and nonvulnerable people, and combine law enforcement and protection approaches. They assert that policy needs to take into account the fact that violence, coercion and exploitation occur in smuggling and trafficking, “within the legal and illegal migrant experience,” and “in the formal and informal economy. They discuss how The UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (TNC) and its two Protocols on Trafficking and Smuggling, do distinguish between trafficking and smuggling, but further clarification is needed.
