Points out need for more data on refugee children’s transition crises and the need for institutional supports to provide health and educational services. Children in the period 1967-1976 constituted 25 percent of all who immigrated to the U.S. at that time, and the majority of these children were Asian. The fourth Seminar on Adaptation and Integration of Permanent Immigrants of the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (ICM) meeting in 1979 presented studies focusing on how exposure to extended violence, prolonged threat or terrorization, and transition stress affect these children. The parent-child, and especially the mother-child, relationship suffers from “uprooting stress.” Refugee children from 3 backgrounds are evaluated: Southeast Asians, Jews, and Cubans and other Latin Americans. Similarities are found between the suffering of Asian and Jewish refugee children who have experienced extreme malnutrition as well as ongoing violence. In particular, the Cuban Refugee Program had success at resettlement because it sustained cultural roots and gave a cultural identity to the newer arrivals by using refugee professionals to help them adapt to the U.S. mainstream. While priority in the past was given to children’s language needs, medical and psychological needs should also take priority and the unit for service to children should be the family.